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Ottoman Empire / History 
1338: The Byzantines are driven out of Anatolia. But their great city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) is still under their control. 1354: The region of Ankara is conquered. 1355: Gallipoli (Gelibolu) is conquered, and becomes an important staging post for the Ottoman's European expansion. 1361: The city of Adrianople (Edirne) on the western side of the Bosphorus, is conquered. 1393: Northern Greece is captured. 1402: The Ottomans are heavily defeated by Timur Lenk near Ankara, leading to a weakening that should last for a few decades. But the Ottoman empire would return to its old strength. 1453: After years of siege, the Ottomans takes control over Constantinople. 1466: Albania is conquered. 1475: Crimea is put under the empire as a vassal state. 1514: Iran is defeated with the battle at Chaldiran. 1517: Mamlukes of Egypt and Syria are defeated, and their territories are included into the empire. Together with this came the holy Muslim places in Arabia. 1519: Algiers becomes part of the empire as a vassal state. 1521: Barka (northeastern Libya) is added to the empire. — Belgrade is captured. 1526: Hungary is defeated at the Battle of Mohacs. 1529: Sultan Süleyman 1 tries to conquer Venice, but does not succeed. 1531: Tunis is included to the empire as a vassal state. 1551: Tripolis (of today's Libya) is added into the empire as a vassal state. 1534: Iraq is added into the empire. 1829: Greece gets autonomy. 1830: Serbia gets autonomy. — Northern Algeria is taken by France. 1832: Greece becomes independent. 1839: Beginning of Tanzimat, the reform process that intended to bring the empire up on level with European states in administration and other fields. 1875: The Ottoman empire is bankrupt, and can no longer pay interests on its debts to European finance institutions. 1876: Under sultan Abdülhamit 2, the Ottoman empire gets its first constitution. 1878: The constitution is suspended. — Romania, Serbia, Montenegro as well as part of Bulgaria becomes independent as a part of the Treaty of san Stefano. 1881: The Ottoman empire is forced ot accept European financial control. — Tunisia is taken by the French. 1882: Egypt is occupied by Britain. 1912: Libya is annexed by Italy. 1914: The Ottoman empire enters the World War 1 in alliance with Germany, and in the beginning it sees several military victories. 1915-16: Armenians east in Anatolia are deported, and many massacred by Kurdish irregulars. 600,000 (some estimates run over 1 million) Armenians died. 1917: Beginning of the British campaigns in Iraq and Syria. This leads to several Ottoman defeats, and the following year the loss of the Middle Eastern territories. 1919 May: Greece attacks Anatolia at Smyrna, and takes control over many areas in western regions. 1920: The Ottoman empire is forced to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, leading to the loss of Arab territories and a partition of Anatolia. 1922: Nationalist Turks drive the Greek out of western Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal. — November 1 The Ottoman empire is abolished, and would the following year be replaced with the Republic of Turkey. |
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